app\common\model\Article {#218
#pk: "id"
#table: "LB_article"
#type: array:1 [
"create_time" => "timestamp"
]
data: array:14 [
"id" => 356
"pid" => 8
"title" => "关于镜头的像差问题的详细 剖析和产生的原因 以及原理"
"click" => 12175
"recommend" => null
"defined" => "作者：,时间：,关于："
"content" => """
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t像差产生的原因\r\n
\t</h3>\r\n
\t<p class="mb10" style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t光线在透过物质时，物质相对于不同波长（颜色）的光线具有不同的折射率。这种因波长（颜色）不同而导致的折射率差异被称为色散。<br />\r\n
透过棱镜的光被分解为彩虹光谱的现象就是因此而来的，而相机的镜片也会产生相同的现象。<br />\r\n
另外，对于同一片球面镜片来说，光的波长（颜色）相同但入射位置不同时，有时也会产生折射角度的差异，从而使聚光位置产生偏差。 无论是单一波长（颜色）或多种波长（颜色）的光，理想的是光线都汇聚至一点。但在光学设计中很难避免实际成像与理想的差异，这种差异被称为“像差”。像差程度是衡量镜头性能的一项标准。\r\n
\t</p>\r\n
\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-01.gif" alt="由于光的波长不同导致折射率产生差异的现象(例:轴向色像差)" width="799" height="382" /> \r\n
\t</p>\r\n
</div>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
\t<p class="topNav" style="font-size:0.65em;text-align:right;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, SimHei, sans-serif;background-color:#666666;">\r\n
\t\t<a href="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/index02.html#header"><img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/common/img/lnk-totop.gif" alt="首页" width="51" height="11" /></a> \r\n
\t</p>\r\n
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
\t<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t\t像差的种类\r\n
\t\t</h3>\r\n
\t\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t正如“像差产生的原因”中所述，像差分为“光的波长”引起的色散和球面镜片等“形状”引起的两种。前者被称为“色像差”，它是由于光线波长的差异导致折射率不同而产生的，因此出现色晕（轴向色像差）和颜色错位（倍率色像差）是其主要特征。而后者是在单一波长（颜色）上发生的“单色像差”，其中包括“球面像差”和“彗星像差”等，这些会导致像晕或拖影的现象。下方还介绍了由于光线或镜片引起的具有代表性的像差，这些都是难以避免的物理现象。\r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<div class="feature_boxes clearfix" style="margin:40px 0px 0px 47px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s01.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">轴向色像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面中央出现，主要表现为紫色系的色晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s02.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">倍率色像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的色晕或颜色错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box last" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb2" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<br />\r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;"> </span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;"> </span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s03.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">球面像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面中央出现的锐度降低，即像晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s04.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">彗星像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的拖尾状的像晕或拖影。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box last" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s05.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">径向光晕</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的沿同心圆圆周方向扩散的像晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s06.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">像散</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘沿半径或同心圆圆周方向的焦点错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s07.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">像面弯曲</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">由焦平面弯曲导致的画面边缘的焦点错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t</div>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
</div>\r\n
<p class="topNav" style="font-size:0.65em;text-align:right;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, SimHei, sans-serif;background-color:#666666;">\r\n
\t<a href="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/index02.html#header"><img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/common/img/lnk-totop.gif" alt="首页" width="51" height="11" /></a> \r\n
</p>\r\n
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t像差的影响和对策\r\n
\t</h3>\r\n
\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t像差会使图像产生色晕、拖影并降低图像解像力和对比度，解像力因此降低。<br />\r\n
多数像差都能通过屏蔽镜头边缘光线，即缩小光圈来改善，因此稍微缩小光圈就能够非常有效地应对像差明显的场景。另外，非球面镜片和UD（超低色散）镜片等技术也能够尽量抑制这些像差。\r\n
\t</p>\r\n
\t<h4>\r\n
\t\t<产生像差的图像>\r\n
\t</h4>\r\n
\t<div class="image_box_three clearfix" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 47px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t<p class="image1" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_1.jpg" /> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<p class="image2" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_2.jpg" /><span style="font-weight:bold;">产生像差</span> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<p class="image3" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_3.jpg" /> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
</div>\r\n
\t</div>
"""
"image" => ""
"keywords" => ""
"description" => ""
"sort" => 0
"status" => 1
"create_time" => think\model\type\DateTime {#224
#data: DateTime @1494338260 {#225
date: 2017-05-09 21:57:40.0 Asia/Shanghai (+08:00)
}
#format: "Y-m-d H:i:s"
}
"update_time" => null
]
origin: array:14 [
"id" => 356
"pid" => 8
"title" => "关于镜头的像差问题的详细 剖析和产生的原因 以及原理"
"click" => 12175
"recommend" => null
"defined" => "作者：,时间：,关于："
"content" => """
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t像差产生的原因\r\n
\t</h3>\r\n
\t<p class="mb10" style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t光线在透过物质时，物质相对于不同波长（颜色）的光线具有不同的折射率。这种因波长（颜色）不同而导致的折射率差异被称为色散。<br />\r\n
透过棱镜的光被分解为彩虹光谱的现象就是因此而来的，而相机的镜片也会产生相同的现象。<br />\r\n
另外，对于同一片球面镜片来说，光的波长（颜色）相同但入射位置不同时，有时也会产生折射角度的差异，从而使聚光位置产生偏差。 无论是单一波长（颜色）或多种波长（颜色）的光，理想的是光线都汇聚至一点。但在光学设计中很难避免实际成像与理想的差异，这种差异被称为“像差”。像差程度是衡量镜头性能的一项标准。\r\n
\t</p>\r\n
\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-01.gif" alt="由于光的波长不同导致折射率产生差异的现象(例:轴向色像差)" width="799" height="382" /> \r\n
\t</p>\r\n
</div>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
\t<p class="topNav" style="font-size:0.65em;text-align:right;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, SimHei, sans-serif;background-color:#666666;">\r\n
\t\t<a href="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/index02.html#header"><img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/common/img/lnk-totop.gif" alt="首页" width="51" height="11" /></a> \r\n
\t</p>\r\n
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
\t<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t\t像差的种类\r\n
\t\t</h3>\r\n
\t\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t正如“像差产生的原因”中所述，像差分为“光的波长”引起的色散和球面镜片等“形状”引起的两种。前者被称为“色像差”，它是由于光线波长的差异导致折射率不同而产生的，因此出现色晕（轴向色像差）和颜色错位（倍率色像差）是其主要特征。而后者是在单一波长（颜色）上发生的“单色像差”，其中包括“球面像差”和“彗星像差”等，这些会导致像晕或拖影的现象。下方还介绍了由于光线或镜片引起的具有代表性的像差，这些都是难以避免的物理现象。\r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<div class="feature_boxes clearfix" style="margin:40px 0px 0px 47px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s01.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">轴向色像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面中央出现，主要表现为紫色系的色晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s02.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">倍率色像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的色晕或颜色错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box last" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb2" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<br />\r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;"> </span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;"> </span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s03.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">球面像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面中央出现的锐度降低，即像晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s04.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">彗星像差</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的拖尾状的像晕或拖影。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box last" style="margin:0px 0px 20px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s05.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">径向光晕</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘出现的沿同心圆圆周方向扩散的像晕。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s06.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">像散</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">在画面边缘沿半径或同心圆圆周方向的焦点错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t\t<div class="feature_box" style="margin:0px 45px 20px 0px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="thumb" style="font-size:13px;background:#CCCCCC;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-s07.gif" /> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t\t<p class="txt" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t\t\t<span class="title" style="font-weight:bold;line-height:13px;">像面弯曲</span><span class="txt_content" style="line-height:16.9px;">由焦平面弯曲导致的画面边缘的焦点错位。</span> \r\n
\t\t\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t\t</div>\r\n
\t\t</div>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
</div>\r\n
<p class="topNav" style="font-size:0.65em;text-align:right;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, SimHei, sans-serif;background-color:#666666;">\r\n
\t<a href="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/index02.html#header"><img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/common/img/lnk-totop.gif" alt="首页" width="51" height="11" /></a> \r\n
</p>\r\n
<div class="sectionBox" style="margin:19px auto 0px;padding:0px;background:url(" font-size:16px;font-family:arial,="" helvetica,="" simhei,="" sans-serif;"="">\r\n
<div class="sectionBoxIn" style="margin:0px;padding:40px 0px 29px;background:url(;">\r\n
\t<h3 style="color:#E50012;font-weight:bolder;font-size:18px;">\r\n
\t\t像差的影响和对策\r\n
\t</h3>\r\n
\t<p style="margin-left:47px;font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t像差会使图像产生色晕、拖影并降低图像解像力和对比度，解像力因此降低。<br />\r\n
多数像差都能通过屏蔽镜头边缘光线，即缩小光圈来改善，因此稍微缩小光圈就能够非常有效地应对像差明显的场景。另外，非球面镜片和UD（超低色散）镜片等技术也能够尽量抑制这些像差。\r\n
\t</p>\r\n
\t<h4>\r\n
\t\t<产生像差的图像>\r\n
\t</h4>\r\n
\t<div class="image_box_three clearfix" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 47px;padding:0px;">\r\n
\t\t<p class="image1" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_1.jpg" /> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<p class="image2" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_2.jpg" /><span style="font-weight:bold;">产生像差</span> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t\t<p class="image3" style="font-size:13px;">\r\n
\t\t\t<img src="http://www.canon.com.cn/specialsite/dlo/factor/img/img-02-02_3.jpg" /> \r\n
\t\t</p>\r\n
\t</div>\r\n
</div>\r\n
\t</div>
"""
"image" => ""
"keywords" => ""
"description" => ""
"sort" => 0
"status" => 1
"create_time" => think\model\type\DateTime {#224}
"update_time" => null
]
schema: array:14 [
"id" => "int"
"pid" => "int"
"title" => "string"
"click" => "int"
"recommend" => "string"
"defined" => "string"
"content" => "string"
"image" => "string"
"keywords" => "string"
"description" => "string"
"sort" => "int"
"status" => "int"
"create_time" => "timestamp"
"update_time" => "int"
]
}
关于镜头的像差问题的详细 剖析和产生的原因 以及原理
关于镜头的像差问题的详细 剖析和产生的原因 以及原理
更新时间2017/05/09 21:57:40
点击数12175
作者：,时间：,关于：
像差产生的原因
光线在透过物质时，物质相对于不同波长（颜色）的光线具有不同的折射率。这种因波长（颜色）不同而导致的折射率差异被称为色散。
透过棱镜的光被分解为彩虹光谱的现象就是因此而来的，而相机的镜片也会产生相同的现象。
另外，对于同一片球面镜片来说，光的波长（颜色）相同但入射位置不同时，有时也会产生折射角度的差异，从而使聚光位置产生偏差。 无论是单一波长（颜色）或多种波长（颜色）的光，理想的是光线都汇聚至一点。但在光学设计中很难避免实际成像与理想的差异，这种差异被称为“像差”。像差程度是衡量镜头性能的一项标准。
像差的种类
正如“像差产生的原因”中所述，像差分为“光的波长”引起的色散和球面镜片等“形状”引起的两种。前者被称为“色像差”，它是由于光线波长的差异导致折射率不同而产生的，因此出现色晕（轴向色像差）和颜色错位（倍率色像差）是其主要特征。而后者是在单一波长（颜色）上发生的“单色像差”，其中包括“球面像差”和“彗星像差”等，这些会导致像晕或拖影的现象。下方还介绍了由于光线或镜片引起的具有代表性的像差，这些都是难以避免的物理现象。
轴向色像差在画面中央出现，主要表现为紫色系的色晕。
倍率色像差在画面边缘出现的色晕或颜色错位。
球面像差在画面中央出现的锐度降低，即像晕。
彗星像差在画面边缘出现的拖尾状的像晕或拖影。
径向光晕在画面边缘出现的沿同心圆圆周方向扩散的像晕。
像散在画面边缘沿半径或同心圆圆周方向的焦点错位。
像面弯曲由焦平面弯曲导致的画面边缘的焦点错位。
像差的影响和对策
像差会使图像产生色晕、拖影并降低图像解像力和对比度，解像力因此降低。
多数像差都能通过屏蔽镜头边缘光线，即缩小光圈来改善，因此稍微缩小光圈就能够非常有效地应对像差明显的场景。另外，非球面镜片和UD（超低色散）镜片等技术也能够尽量抑制这些像差。
<产生像差的图像>
基本
文件
流程
错误
SQL
调试
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- UPDATE `LB_article` SET `click` = `click` + 1 WHERE `id` = 356 [ RunTime:0.002661s ]
0.029592s
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产生像差
